diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index eb83799..52f58bf 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -1117,6 +1117,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pikl-core",
  "ratatui",
  "tokio",
+ "tracing",
 ]
 
 [[package]]
diff --git a/crates/pikl-core/src/model/traits.rs b/crates/pikl-core/src/model/traits.rs
index f8a7f53..866a1e3 100644
--- a/crates/pikl-core/src/model/traits.rs
+++ b/crates/pikl-core/src/model/traits.rs
@@ -32,9 +32,6 @@ pub trait Menu: Send + 'static {
     /// position in the filtered results.
     fn filtered_label(&self, filtered_index: usize) -> Option<&str>;
 
-    /// Add raw values from streaming input or AddItems actions.
-    fn add_raw(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>);
-
     /// Get the JSON value of a filtered item for output.
     /// Returns a reference to the stored value.
     fn serialize_filtered(&self, filtered_index: usize) -> Option<&serde_json::Value>;
@@ -44,14 +41,6 @@ pub trait Menu: Send + 'static {
     /// for output and hook events.
     fn original_index(&self, filtered_index: usize) -> Option<usize>;
 
-    /// Replace all items with a new set of values. Used by
-    /// handler hook `replace_items` responses.
-    fn replace_all(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>);
-
-    /// Remove items at the given original indices. Used by
-    /// handler hook `remove_items` responses.
-    fn remove_by_indices(&mut self, indices: Vec<usize>);
-
     /// Get the formatted display text for a filtered item,
     /// if a format template is configured. Returns None if
     /// no template is set, in which case the raw label is
@@ -73,3 +62,20 @@ pub trait Menu: Send + 'static {
             .collect()
     }
 }
+
+/// Extension of [`Menu`] with mutation methods. Required by
+/// [`MenuRunner`] which needs to add, replace, and remove
+/// items. Embedders that only need read-only access can
+/// depend on `Menu` alone.
+pub trait MutableMenu: Menu {
+    /// Add raw values from streaming input or AddItems actions.
+    fn add_raw(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>);
+
+    /// Replace all items with a new set of values. Used by
+    /// handler hook `replace_items` responses.
+    fn replace_all(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>);
+
+    /// Remove items at the given original indices. Used by
+    /// handler hook `remove_items` responses.
+    fn remove_by_indices(&mut self, indices: Vec<usize>);
+}
diff --git a/crates/pikl-core/src/runtime/json_menu.rs b/crates/pikl-core/src/runtime/json_menu.rs
index 6a6812f..f118a95 100644
--- a/crates/pikl-core/src/runtime/json_menu.rs
+++ b/crates/pikl-core/src/runtime/json_menu.rs
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 use crate::filter::Filter;
 use crate::format::FormatTemplate;
 use crate::item::Item;
-use crate::model::traits::Menu;
+use crate::model::traits::{Menu, MutableMenu};
 use crate::pipeline::FilterPipeline;
 
 /// A menu backed by a flat list of JSON items. Handles
@@ -120,16 +120,6 @@ impl Menu for JsonMenu {
             .map(|idx| self.items[idx].label())
     }
 
-    fn add_raw(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>) {
-        for value in values {
-            let idx = self.items.len();
-            let item = Item::new(value, &self.label_key);
-            let text = self.extract_filter_text(&item);
-            self.filter.push_with_value(idx, &text, &item.value);
-            self.items.push(item);
-        }
-    }
-
     fn serialize_filtered(&self, filtered_index: usize) -> Option<&serde_json::Value> {
         self.filter
             .matched_index(filtered_index)
@@ -140,6 +130,24 @@ impl Menu for JsonMenu {
         self.filter.matched_index(filtered_index)
     }
 
+    fn formatted_label(&self, filtered_index: usize) -> Option<String> {
+        let template = self.format_template.as_ref()?;
+        let orig_idx = self.filter.matched_index(filtered_index)?;
+        Some(template.render(&self.items[orig_idx].value))
+    }
+}
+
+impl MutableMenu for JsonMenu {
+    fn add_raw(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>) {
+        for value in values {
+            let idx = self.items.len();
+            let item = Item::new(value, &self.label_key);
+            let text = self.extract_filter_text(&item);
+            self.filter.push_with_value(idx, &text, &item.value);
+            self.items.push(item);
+        }
+    }
+
     fn replace_all(&mut self, values: Vec<serde_json::Value>) {
         self.items = values
             .into_iter()
@@ -161,10 +169,4 @@ impl Menu for JsonMenu {
         }
         self.rebuild_pipeline();
     }
-
-    fn formatted_label(&self, filtered_index: usize) -> Option<String> {
-        let template = self.format_template.as_ref()?;
-        let orig_idx = self.filter.matched_index(filtered_index)?;
-        Some(template.render(&self.items[orig_idx].value))
-    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/pikl-tui/Cargo.toml b/crates/pikl-tui/Cargo.toml
index 5c763f5..dd09a39 100644
--- a/crates/pikl-tui/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/pikl-tui/Cargo.toml
@@ -14,3 +14,4 @@ ratatui = "0.30"
 crossterm = { version = "0.29", features = ["event-stream"] }
 tokio = { version = "1", features = ["sync", "macros", "rt"] }
 futures = "0.3"
+tracing = "0.1"